Part D “Design principles” describes the most important materials used these days for the individual layers in a flat roof construction. The catalogue of materials extends from waterproofing... parallel slide gate valve manufacturers Category 1 All completely flat roofs, and roofs where ponding can be tolerated, are designed using a one-year return period. This includes cases where the building has no parapet or upstand, as long as any overflow can fall clear of the building, and the roof structure can cope with the additional live loading.The width of the opening must be equal to the circumference of the drain required. For example, if the roof drain is 4 in., the opening of the scupper or the open-sided roof opening must be 12.56 in. in length. If it is a piped scupper, it must be a 4-in. or larger pipe size.Flat Roof Drainage Design Guide - Pinoy House Designs new pinoyhousedesigns.cyou. A Roof Drain Is Installed In An Existing Flat Retroed With Above Deck Rigid Foam Insulation That Integrated New Air And Water Control Layers Building America Solution Center Flat Or Low Slope Roof Drainage Systems Scuppers Drains Screens Design Maintenance Flat Or Low Slope Roof Drainage Systems Scuppers Drains ...8 мар. 2022 г. ... Complex water drainage: To avoid pooling water on flat roofs, your roofing contractor will need to install a high-performing drainage system. qantas business lounge The use of a 1/2", minimum, copper or copper alloy mesh removable screen is also suggested. The top of the screen should be a minimum of 4" above the roof level. Gravel stop angles are notched and soldered onto the horizontal sump flange to prevent gravel and tar from entering the drain. 10.6B. Prefabricated Roof DrainStep 5: Calculate drains needed. Take the roof’s total square footage and divide by the total square footage handled by one drain. The result is the number of drains needed. For example: … magni dezmond debut 17 окт. 2019 г. ... Unlike other roofing types that are slanted or sloped to allow water to drain automatically, flat roofs need a built-in drainage system to help ...This Manual offers guidance on the planning, design, operation and maintenance of ... also embraces sustainable drainage system such as green roofs, ...flatroofdrainagedesign.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. flat, roof, drainage, gutter, flat, roof, drainage, gutter, Open navigation menu Close suggestionsSearchSearch enChange Language close … new england fault lines map2 Choose an appropriate design. A flat roof drainage system can include gutters, downspouts and scuppers – openings through the perimeter walls that let water to drain into …Learn Prepositions MCQ with answers, prepositions quiz questions with answers PDF to solve grade 9 english worksheet 70 for online classes. A) inside B) under C) on D) down E) NonRoof Design and Practice, a roof design manual published by Prentice Hall, and. Wind Pressures on Low Sloped Roofs. and. Roof Drainage, published by the Roof Consultants Institute … endeavor x mom reader Crickets, also known as saddles, are structures built between roof drainage points to move water laterally across the roof, diverting it to the drainage points. Properly designed, they virtually eliminate ponding (see Photo 1). But many contractors -- and some design professionals -- do not understand the mechanics of proper cricket design. Crickets can be constructed of wood, concrete ...7.1.12 Drainage. Flat roofs and balconies shall have adequate and effective rainwater drainage to a suitable outfall. Issues to be taken into account include: outlets. The principles for drainage given in Chapter 7.2 'Pitched roofs' are applicable to flat roofs and balconies. Rainwater disposal from roofs and balconies 6m2 or less in area ...BS 6229:2018 provides an overall recommendation for the design, specification and briefly the installation and later maintenance of a flat roof. The BS 6229 standards outline that all flat roof surfaces should be designed with a fall of 1:40 to ensure finished drainage falls of 1:80 are achieved.Gutters are the most commonly used drainage system when it comes to flat roofs. Just like the gutters installed on sloped roofs, these marvels catch rainwater and divert it into a downspout, which carries it away from the foundation. Pros: Inexpensive and universal, gutters are the easiest drainage system to find and install.All roofs should have primary drainage designed to the requirements of the IBC and the plumbing code. All roofs should be provided with a secondary drainage system to prevent water accumulation on the roof. It is the opinion of RCI that the lack of such provisions in the 2015 IBC will increase the probability of roof collapses.Flat roof drainage falls into 2 main categories, gravity drainage and syphonic drainage. Syphonic drainage was developed and first used in Scandinavia in the earlier 1970's and first used in the UK in the 1980's. There were initial problems with some of the earlier installations due to a misunderstanding of the system by inexperienced companies.Installation prices quoted below are for very simple flat roofs, over 1,000 sq. feet. Any additional roof insulation costs and increased installation complexity will increase your total labor charges. PVC membrane: $6.50 - 7.50 + per sq. ft. EPDM rubber: $5.50 - 6.50 + per sq. ft. TPO roofing: $6.0 - 7.0 per sq. ft. unity mouse movement script In addition, proper design, detailing, and installation of products must be an integral part of a tapered roof system design. Note: Roof replacement or roof re-cover applications of existing low-slope roof coverings that provide positive roof drainage are exempt from the minimum prescriptive 1/4:12 units slope requirement.Scuppers. The third system used to drain water on flat roofs is scuppers installation. Scuppers are holes in the outer walls that surround the roof, which allow the water to flow outside of it. These scuppers are installed with downspouts that catch water and direct it far away from the building. This is one of the simplest ways to drain water ... 2. Leaks close to or near other features of the roof such as the vent pipes and chimneys. 3. Damage to the tar and caulking from pooled water and debris buildup. By not thinking about your flat roof drainage system, you put your property at unnecessary risk which will cost you both time and money to repair. telegram and gazette delivery Our professional roofing contractors recommend a minimum slope length of 16 m for roofs with a width of 600 mm for drainage and should have a maximum inclination of 10 degrees. However, it’s still best to consider using baffle flashing. OutletThis is because flat roofs do not drain water as effectively as their pitched counterparts. Those pitched roofs have a natural slope where the water can run down, draining off the roof. Because these roofs don't drain water that well, they are prone to developing what is known as ponding water. highway 36 missouri road conditions 2 Choose an appropriate design. A flat roof drainage system can include gutters, downspouts and scuppers – openings through the perimeter walls that let water to drain into … cd00x vs cd009 Flat Roof Drain Issues Location – Drains SHOULD NOT be next to other rooftop objects like A/C units, vent pipes, or skylights. Level – Drains SHOULD always be installed at the lowest level of the roof surface. Strainers/Domes – Drain strainers SHOULD have holes or openings large enough for small debris to pass through.Step 3: Calculating the drain size. Drain sizes are from 2″ up to 8″ pipes. Most commonly 3″ and 4″ drains are used. Here is a chart that can help with the calculation of size drains that will be needed per square foot area. Please write a Review on Roof Leak Repairs at the bottom of the page. ← Previous Post. holden commodore ute ss Drainage A flat roof is never truly flat. It must be designed to include a fall to allow water to be evacuated effectively from the roof. Building regulations suggest a minimum fall of 1:40 for a flat roof. Different waterproofing finishes will require a different flat roof fall.at this point it is worth noting that whereas falls of 1:80 have long been the recommended drainage falls for a flat roof, the recent update of bs6229 (‘flat roofs with continuously supported flexible waterproof coverings’), issued …8 нояб. 2021 г. ... Since flat roofs lack the pitched sections of traditional roofs, they struggle to guide the water off the roof. However, a well-engineered ...Underneath the basics, flat roofs are usually constructed with a ceiling, nailed to joists which. eviction law south africa. acl festival weekend two frontgate. okinawa 2022. universal pictures careers. ford zephyr zodiac mk3. 100cc engine price in india how many yards in a kubota bucket plusvalia tax calculator.Most flat roofs are constructed with a slight slope in order to allow for said drainage, but the lack of a natural slope can sometimes create problems. As a result, the water from precipitation collects in standing ponds on the roof. The weight of the ponding water will eventually cause the roof to sag and could even become a leak. 4.Roof Drainage Reliable roof guttering and drainpipes help direct excess rainwater away from the roof to the ground via wastewater systems, while also protecting masonry against penetrating damp problems. A selection of downpipe fixings and running outlets are available to connect your guttering to your drainpipe. wix 51516 cross reference Underneath the basics, flat roofs are usually constructed with a ceiling, nailed to joists which support a deck (usually wood in residential construction), a vapor barrier, insulation and a roof board. From there, the flat roof system you choose will determine the materials you apply.The benefits of flat roof scuppers are that they are cost-effective, easy to maintain, large/wide scuppers rarely (if ever) get clogged by debris, and well-designed scuppers can enhance the … english mastiff puppies for sale orange county 2 Choose an appropriate design. A flat roof drainage system can include gutters, downspouts and scuppers - openings through the perimeter walls that let water to drain into the exterior downspout. Good roofing practice includes primary and secondary scuppers that act in an emergency. Metal flashing can be used if there's a steep roof above ...Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing membranes have been heralded as one of the best flat roofing materialsin the single-ply roofing industry. The material is made from processed petroleum or a natural gas and salt mixture. It comes in big rolls with a bottom ply, flexible fiberglass mat, a weathering film, and acrylic finish.... assist with designing flat roof systems to BS EN 12056-3: 2000 gravity drainage systems ... in order to ensure compliance with the relevant standards.14 февр. 2017 г. ... Drainage is a subtle art when it comes to building & repairing flat roofs and it can be achieved in a variety of ways. how to create a viewport in model space autocad Feb 27, 2019 · You can view information on the design of roof drainage systems in the brochure for your state: LYSAGHT® Rainwater Solutions NSW Guide PDF (2.8 MB). Last updated 27 Feb 2019. LYSAGHT® Rainwater Solutions QLD Guide PDF (2.2 MB). Last updated 26 Aug 2016. LYSAGHT® Rainwater Solutions VIC/TAS Guide PDF (1.6 MB). Last updated 23 Jan 2019 June 2022 Part L Building Regs Updates. Registration Info. New Detail Drawings here, including Garage Lintel, Green Roof, Chimney, Roof Terrace, Balcony Threshold, Underpinning, Mansard Roof Edge, Box Gutter, Parapet Wall, Window Frame, Window Sill, Window Lintel, Joist Hangers, Joist Built into Wall, Hearth, Drainage Pipes, Pipe through Wall ... duckduckgo onion forbidden Originally written in 1970 by roofing experts R.L. (Dick) Fricklas and C.W. Griffin, this is one of the most comprehensive written guides to commercial flat roofing. The National Roofing Contractors Association ( NRCA) offers a robust website and resources geared for contractors about everything roof related.The purpose of this document is to outline the stormwater drainage design requirements for developments within the City of Melbourne. 2. Background The City of Melbourne manages an extensive network of stormwater drainage assets, made up of approximately 365 kilometres of underground drain and 15,000 drainage pits. There are a number ofFurthermore, the National House Building Council, (NHBC) standard 7.1.5 also provides guidance on the design of drainage for flat roofs, balconies and terraces. All of these documents require that flat roof drainage is designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3 - Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Buildings.This insulation style must be pre-cut by the manufacturer to the exact measurements of the flat roof. Professionals then install the slope pattern to create a ramp that guides water away from the flat roof’s surface. The small slope that’s installed acts as a ramp to avoid any excessive pooling. It also guides the water off of the surface. blonde girls at beach According to BS 6229 (flat roofs with continuously supported flexible waterproof coverings) and BS 8217 (reinforced bitumen membranes for roofing): “All flat roof surfaces (including gutter beds) should be designed with a fall of 1:40, to ensure that finished drainage falls of 1:80 are achieved.Flat Roof Drain Issues Location – Drains SHOULD NOT be next to other rooftop objects like A/C units, vent pipes, or skylights. Level – Drains SHOULD always be installed at the lowest level of the roof surface. Strainers/Domes – Drain strainers SHOULD have holes or openings large enough for small debris to pass through. The basic steps to building your own green roof is here and must be followed to start with. Once you have the foundations setup you can think about creating a sedum-specific roof. And there are multiple ways it can be approached: Seeding: The most cost effective, slowest route to creating a sedum roof niosh list of hazardous drugs 2021 pdf Things to consider when designing a Roof drains system. Step 1: Calculate the total roof area The easiest method is to multiply the roof’s surface length by width. Example: A 30 ft. x 50 ft. = 1500 sq. ft. area. Do not subtract other surface areas from the roof size. It is not necessary to be accurate.Step 2. Each vertical drain must carry 2,500 sq ft of roof area at 3.75 inches per hour of rainfall. To convert to an area for a 4 inch per hour rainfall to enter Table 1108.1 do this: Enter Table 1108.1 until you find a diameter pipe that will carry 2,344 sq ft. A minimum 4-inch vertical drain is required. Step 3. Horizontal Drain 2,500 sq ft. pictured rocks boat tour schedule Roof Surface Slope The slope that is in the structural deck, the slope created by tapered insulation, or a combination of the two. Cricket Width (Points C to D) Generally the shorter of the 2 cross-sections. Cricket Length (Points A to B) Generally the longer of the 2 cross-sections. Cricket Panel Slope The slope of the cricket panel.Roof Design and Practice, a roof design manual published by Prentice Hall, and. Wind Pressures on Low Sloped Roofs. and. Roof Drainage, published by the Roof Consultants Institute Foundation. Mr. Patterson has designed numerous roof drainage systems and investigated more than 30 major roof collapses involving roof drainage issues. Patterson ­ 124A flat roof is installed to sit horizontally on top of a building, with very little or no pitch. A flat roof is ideal in many ways - for example they're cheap, fast and easy to install. The key problem with flat roofs however, is they can be difficult to waterproof. A pitched roof encourages rain, ice and snow to drain or slide off.The current edition covers details of foul water drainage, both above and below ground, pipe sizes, protection of pipes, manholes and inspection chambers. Archived versions of Approved Document H... lakewood protest today Jun 28, 2016 · Flat Roof Drains design and installation are very critical. Most drains are elevated higher than the roof surface itself. This issue can be found in 80% of flat roofs. Lowering the... There is always a slight slope towards the drain. Gravity is what allows the drainage system to work, so the water needs to have a natural flow away from the roof. Despite this, there are common drainage problems associated with flat roofing: Foundation problems. Infiltration of water into living spaces. Water damage to walls and casings.When in doubt, consider your building type and location to help you determine the best drainage system for your flat roof. If you're still unsure which system to choose, the friendly experts at Ferguson Roofing have your back. Rely on us to help you choose and install the right system for your roof! Call us today at (314) 521-6917 in Missouri ... weedmaps analytics Flat Roof Drainage System specifications, designs, troubleshooting Problems & Solutions for Interior Drains on Flat Building Roofs Flat roof drains, ...The Zurn Roof Drains and Drain Accessories represent more than 100 years of experience in supplying engineered roof drainage equipment to the construction market. WHEN SELECTING A ROOF DRAIN Note: First and foremost, be sure to comply with all local plumbing codes. To select the proper roof drain, the following information must be known: 1.Gutters are the most commonly used drainage system when it comes to flat roofs. Just like the gutters installed on sloped roofs, these marvels catch rainwater and divert it into a downspout, which carries it away from the foundation. Pros: Inexpensive and universal, gutters are the easiest drainage system to find and install. kuchi sushi zurn plumbing products groupspecification drainage operation, 1801 pittsburgh avenue, erie, pa 16502 phone 814/455-0921 fax: 814/454-7929 website: www.zurn.com roof drain vertical requirement for horizontal roof areas at various rainfall rates* leader size hourly rainfall in inchesWhat Pitch is a Flat Roof? If flat roofs are to work well, they have to have a slope, known as a fall, to shed rainwater. The fall should never be less than 1:80 and preferably about … 2004 acura mdx radio code 1502.3 Scuppers Where scuppers are used for secondary (emergency overflow) roof drainage, the quantity, size, location and inlet elevation of the scuppers shall be sized to prevent the depth of ponding water from exceeding that for which the roof was designed as determined by Section 1611.1.The only unconditional guideline for roof scupper sizing provided by the code is that “scupper openings shall be not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height and have a width that is equal to or greater than the circumference of a roof drain sized for the same roof area.” connect xfinityRoof Drainage Reliable roof guttering and drainpipes help direct excess rainwater away from the roof to the ground via wastewater systems, while also protecting masonry against penetrating damp problems. A selection of downpipe fixings and running outlets are available to connect your guttering to your drainpipe.1502.3 Scuppers Where scuppers are used for secondary (emergency overflow) roof drainage, the quantity, size, location and inlet elevation of the scuppers shall be sized to prevent the depth of ponding water from exceeding that for which the roof was designed as determined by Section 1611.1. new mobile homes for sale bc how to fill gaps in roof sheets POLSKA Sp.z.o.o. ul. Graniczna 79a, 05-410 Józefów. Tel. 22 274 28 00 | Fax. 22 274 28 01. Godziny pracy: 8:00 – 16:30 Poniedziałek – PiątekPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing membranes have been heralded as one of the best flat roofing materialsin the single-ply roofing industry. The material is made from processed petroleum or a natural gas and salt mixture. It comes in big rolls with a bottom ply, flexible fiberglass mat, a weathering film, and acrylic finish.Step 3: Calculating the drain size. Drain sizes are from 2″ up to 8″ pipes. Most commonly 3″ and 4″ drains are used. Here is a chart that can help with the calculation of size drains that will be needed per square foot area. Please write a Review on Roof Leak Repairs at the bottom of the page. ← Previous Post.The design emulated the traditional material most often used for drain pipes, cast iron. (see page 13). Long roofs The spread of water as it leaves the roof edge varies considerably depending … miele dishwasher short cycle Key Design Considerations for Blue Roofs. Blue roof systems utilizing controlled flow roof drains generally require flat or nearly flat roofs (e.g., ...The list of best recommendations for Flat Roof Drainage Plan searching is aggregated in this page for your reference before renting an apartment. Apartment For Student. Advantage Point Student Apartments Santa Fe College Student Apartments Student Housing In Fort Collins ...The ‘Design fall’ is normal taken as twice the ‘Finished fall.’ Finished fall: The minimum fall that should be achieved on the waterproofing layer once the roof has been installed and fully loaded. Firring: A tapered batten which creates a fall to a timber deck. Flat roof: A roof with a maximum slope of 10 degrees from the horizontal.The roof drainage outlets and rainwater downpipes are calculated based on the design principles for gravity drainage systems established in SS525:2006 Code of Practice for Drainage of Roofs. The calculations below are meant for drainage from flat roofs where water are expected to spread over the entire flat roof during rain. horse riding around the world ACO offers functional solutions which are specially designed for flat roof areas and which ensure the water is drained effectively. For smaller surfaces, gravity drainage systems are the ideal …taxonomic evidences from palynology cytology phytochemistry and molecular data; alpha arbutin and hyaluronic acid benefits. handmaids tale makes no senseFlat Roof Drains design and installation are very critical. Most drains are elevated higher than the roof surface itself. This issue can be found in 80% of flat roofs. Lowering the... yard decorations for summer Originally written in 1970 by roofing experts R.L. (Dick) Fricklas and C.W. Griffin, this is one of the most comprehensive written guides to commercial flat roofing. The National Roofing Contractors Association ( NRCA) offers a robust website and resources geared for contractors about everything roof related. Note: Low-sloped roofs are defined as those roofs with a slope less than or equal to 3:12 (25 percent). However, with the exception of metal roofs, most low-slope roofs have a slope of about 1/4:12 (2 percent) slope. It is recommended that low-slope roofs have a slope of 1/2:12 (4 percent) where possible. john deere engine lookup Ways to Drain Your Flat Roof 1. Inner Drains Inner drainage is common to most commercial properties. Drainage pipes are placed under the roof or in the parapet wall to make sure that the space looks good and no …Rolled Steel Joists or RSJ's are used to support joists in flat roofs. On a basic level, flat roof construction comes in the form of roofing timbers, or joists as they are more commonly known or steels that are laid across two uprights (walls in most cases). The steels, or RSJ's (Rolled Steel Joists) are often built into one or both walls ...In addition, proper design, detailing, and installation of products must be an integral part of a tapered roof system design. Note: Roof replacement or roof re-cover applications of existing low-slope roof coverings that provide positive roof drainage are exempt from the minimum prescriptive 1/4:12 units slope requirement. gacha paper green screen 14 февр. 2017 г. ... Drainage is a subtle art when it comes to building & repairing flat roofs and it can be achieved in a variety of ways.These may include: Collection of leaves and debris, which retain water "Ponding" of water, which can buckle the roof or encourage growth of plants Degradation of caulking and tar, which ruins seals in rooftop systems Ice during winter, which can increase the load of the roof Stress on the structure Leaks in chimneys, skylights and vent pipes3 сент. 2018 г. ... Best practice dictates that flat roofs should expel rainwater quickly ... also consult the Single Ply Roofing Association's Design Guide. dark souls 3 hard leather armor Guide to flat roofing drainage systems and EPDM With a new structure in the design stages or part-completed, you need to know that your blueprint is going to work. If you are considering an … china one menu temecula 2. Leaks close to or near other features of the roof such as the vent pipes and chimneys. 3. Damage to the tar and caulking from pooled water and debris buildup. By not thinking about your flat roof drainage system, you put your property at unnecessary risk which will cost you both time and money to repair.at this point it is worth noting that whereas falls of 1:80 have long been the recommended drainage falls for a flat roof, the recent update of bs6229 (‘flat roofs with continuously supported flexible waterproof coverings’), issued …Part D “Design principles” describes the most important materials used these days for the individual layers in a flat roof construction. The catalogue of materials extends from waterproofing...Underneath the basics, flat roofs are usually constructed with a ceiling, nailed to joists which. eviction law south africa. acl festival weekend two frontgate. okinawa 2022. universal pictures careers. ford zephyr zodiac mk3. 100cc engine price in india how many yards in a kubota bucket plusvalia tax calculator. cheapest places to rent in western sydney These documents require flat roof drainage to be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3 - Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Buildings. Design considerations and calculations To determine the design of a flat roof drainage system, including the number and type of outlets, factors such as the level of rainfall and total roof area must be considered. The design is similar to our 13cm band transverter. 192Ghz in transmit and serves as a DSB receive converter also. 95 (4) Maki Denki UTV-1200BIIP: 1: 2021-08-26 (4) Microwave Modules MMT 432/28S: 2: 2014-01-04: Out of 2. This cheap dual splitter module is modified with a DC-block to inject the 13. 900 - 2302.It also prevents fines from being washed below the insulation, which can damage the waterproofing system or block the roof drainage system. Blue roof – a roof ...Drainage from Roofs. CBD-151. Drainage from Roofs. Originally published 1972. M.C. Baker. Most houses in Canada are roofed with overlapped shingles and sloped to shed water. Some industrial buildings are roofed with overlapped corrugated metal or asbestos cement, and also sloped to shed water. Most other roofs are designed to be entirely flat ... johnny The tapered insulation at the roof drain keeps rainwater flowing off the roof. Tapered foam roofing panels are affordable and easily installed. On average it cost $2.35 per square feet to have it installed so if you have a 2,400 sq of roof. That makes the total cost around $5,724.00.Feb 27, 2019 · In the design and detailing of a roof drainage system, consideration must be given to a range of factors such as: rainfall intensity. roof catchment area. gutter size/capacity. gutter fall. gutter outlets (sumps, rain heads, nozzles) downpipe size, quantity and placement. overflow consideration. material selection and. 1502.3 Scuppers. Where scuppers are used for secondary (emergency overflow) roof drainage, the quantity, size, location and inlet elevation of the scuppers shall be sized to prevent the depth of ponding water from exceeding that for which the roof was designed as determined by Section 1611.1. Scuppers shall not have an opening dimension of less ...Step 2. Each vertical drain must carry 2,500 sq ft of roof area at 3.75 inches per hour of rainfall. To convert to an area for a 4 inch per hour rainfall to enter Table 1108.1 do this: Enter Table 1108.1 until you find a diameter pipe that will carry 2,344 sq ft. A minimum 4-inch vertical drain is required. Step 3. Horizontal Drain 2,500 sq ft. panini products Design Guidelines. Cricket Panel slope is typically double the roof surface slope. Depending on the roof surface slope, there is an accepted maximum length ... what is wampum Part D “Design principles” describes the most important materials used these days for the individual layers in a flat roof construction. The catalogue of materials extends from waterproofing... microsoft behavioral interview questions software engineer Roof Design 44 Roof Design General Proper roofing system design and selection requires the consideration of many factors.Although our expertise is in roofing system design and materials manufacturing, and not in engineering, architecture, or specialized roof consulting, GAFMC does have extensive experience in the practical aspects of roofing.These documents require flat roof drainage to be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3 - Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Buildings. Design considerations and calculations To determine the design of a flat roof drainage system, including the number and type of outlets, factors such as the level of rainfall and total roof area must be considered. Underneath the basics, flat roofs are usually constructed with a ceiling, nailed to joists which support a deck (usually wood in residential construction), a vapor barrier, insulation and a roof … esther orphan